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鈦合金板材的超塑性成形方法介紹!

2023-06-15 12:00:26

   ;    材的超塑(su)性(xing)(xing)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)方法(fa)大致可(ke)分為下列三種(zhong):(1)真空成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing);(2)氣(qi)壓成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(吹塑(su)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing));(3)模(mo)壓成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(偶合(he)模(mo)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing))。前兩(liang)種(zhong)是塑(su)料(或(huo)玻璃)制(zhi)品成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)常用(yong)(yong)的方法(fa)。鈦板超塑(su)性(xing)(xing)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)因(yin)屬(shu)于粘性(xing)(xing)或(huo)半粘性(xing)(xing)流動變形(xing)(xing)(xing),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)利用(yong)(yong)低壓成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)。氣(qi)壓成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)還可(ke)同真空成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)結合(he)起(qi)來應用(yong)(yong)。

1、真空成形法

       真空成形法又可(ke)分為(wei)兩種:凸模法與凹模法。

       凸(tu)(tu)模(mo)法是把(ba)經過(guo)加(jia)熱后(hou)的(de)毛(mao)料(liao),吸附在具有零(ling)件(jian)(jian)內形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)凸(tu)(tu)模(mo)上的(de)成形(xing)(xing)(xing)方法,用(yong)來成形(xing)(xing)(xing)要求內側尺寸精度高(gao)的(de)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)。凹(ao)模(mo)法則是把(ba)加(jia)熱過(guo)的(de)毛(mao)料(liao),吸附在具有零(ling)件(jian)(jian)外形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)凹(ao)模(mo)上的(de)成形(xing)(xing)(xing)方法,用(yong)于(yu)要求外形(xing)(xing)(xing)尺寸精度高(gao)的(de)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)成形(xing)(xing)(xing)。一般說來,前者(zhe)用(yong)于(yu)較深容器(qi)的(de)成形(xing)(xing)(xing),后(hou)者(zhe)用(yong)于(yu)較淺(qian)容器(qi)的(de)成形(xing)(xing)(xing)。

       真(zhen)空成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)也是一(yi)種氣壓成(cheng)形(xing)(xing),只(zhi)是成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)壓力(li)只(zhi)能是一(yi)個大氣壓。故對鈦板(ban)來說(shuo),只(zhi)能成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)厚度薄、形(xing)(xing)狀簡單、曲率度化和(he)緩的零件,不(bu)適于成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)厚度較厚、形(xing)(xing)狀較復雜和(he)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)較劇的零件。

2、氣(qi)壓成形法(吹塑成形法)

       這是一(yi)種特殊的脹形(xing)工藝。

       傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)脹(zhang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)工藝是(shi)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)械、液壓脹(zhang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或用(yong)(yong)爆炸脹(zhang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)方法實現的(de)(de)(de),使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)壓力與能量都比較高,并且由于材料塑性的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制,變(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)量一般(ban)都不太大(da)。吹塑成形(xing)(xing)(xing)則是(shi)一種用(yong)(yong)低能、低壓可以獲得大(da)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)量的(de)(de)(de)成形(xing)(xing)(xing),是(shi)—種與傳統(tong)(tong)工藝概念(nian)不同的(de)(de)(de)板料成形(xing)(xing)(xing)技術。由于金屬在變(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)過程中是(shi)自(zi)(zi)由的(de)(de)(de),因此,幾乎全部動力都消耗在變(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)功上,摩擦(ca)損(sun)(sun)失很小(對于自(zi)(zi)由吹塑成形(xing)(xing)(xing)來(lai)說,則沒有摩擦(ca)損(sun)(sun)失),這與其它沖(chong)壓成形(xing)(xing)(xing)有著(zhu)本質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別(bie)。

       吹塑(su)成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)可(ke)分為(wei)自(zi)由吹塑(su)成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)和模(mo)具吹塑(su)成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)兩(liang)類(lei)。模(mo)具吹塑(su)成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)的特點為(wei)半模(mo)成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing),與真空成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)類(lei)似之(zhi)處(chu),也(ye)分為(wei)凸模(mo)成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)和凹模(mo)成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)兩(liang)種;其(qi)不同之(zhi)處(chu)是(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)壓力(li)可(ke)大于一個大氣(qi)壓,還對通過氣(qi)源系統對壓力(li)進行(xing)調節,因而可(ke)以制造形(xing)狀復雜,曲率變化(hua)大的零件。

       (1)自由吹(chui)塑成形法

       這是Z簡單的一種(zhong)吹(chui)塑成形(xing)。其特點是不用模(mo)具,吹(chui)制的典型(xing)零件(jian)是球形(xing)零件(jian)。

       (2)凸(tu)模成形法

       此法是使鈦板(ban)毛(mao)料的外側(ce),形成一(yi)封(feng)閉的壓(ya)(ya)力空(kong)間,鈦板(ban)加(jia)熱到超(chao)塑(su)性溫度后,在壓(ya)(ya)縮氣體的氣壓(ya)(ya)作用(yong)下,毛(mao)料產生(sheng)超(chao)塑(su)性變形,逐(zhu)漸向模(mo)具(ju)(ju)型面靠近,直到同(tong)模(mo)具(ju)(ju)完全貼(tie)合,做(zuo)出與模(mo)具(ju)(ju)型面相同(tong)的零件。成形零件的內表面尺寸精度高,形狀準確,深度與寬度之比較(jiao)(jiao)大,模(mo)具(ju)(ju)加(jia)工(gong)也較(jiao)(jiao)易,但脫模(mo)較(jiao)(jiao)困難(nan),原(yuan)材料也較(jiao)(jiao)費。用(yong)該法成形的零件底(di)部較(jiao)(jiao)四周為厚(hou)。

       (3)凹(ao)模成形法

       與凸模成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)法(fa)不同的(de)(de)是,在成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)過程(cheng)中(zhong)使鈦板毛料內側形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)一封(feng)閉的(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)空間。成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)零(ling)(ling)件外表面(mian)尺寸精度(du)(du)高,形(xing)狀準確,零(ling)(ling)件脫(tuo)模較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易,原材料較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)省,但深度(du)(du)與寬度(du)(du)比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小,模具(ju)加(jia)工也較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)困難。用(yong)該法(fa)成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)的(de)(de)零(ling)(ling)件底部(bu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)四周為薄。

3、模壓成形法

     ;  采用偶合模。與普通壓型不(bu)同(tong)的是溫度(du)高,模壓速度(du)慢得多。

       由于(yu)鈦板(ban)超(chao)(chao)塑性溫(wen)度的金(jin)屬偶合(he)模(mo)(mo)具制造困難,配(pei)合(he)精度難以保證(zheng)(特別(bie)對復雜形狀(zhuang)的模(mo)(mo)具),故(gu)鈦板(ban)超(chao)(chao)塑性成形少用(yong)。


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